![]() Cole reports that President Wilson’s “federal government consistently targeted alien radicals, deporting them … for their speech or associations, making little effort to distinguish terrorists from ideological dissidents.” President Wilson used the Sedition Act of 1918 in order to limit the exercise of free speech by criminalizing language deemed disloyal to the United States government. Yet, in 1918, before the bombings, President Woodrow Wilson had pressured the Congress to legislate the anti-anarchist Sedition Act of 1918 to protect wartime morale by deporting putatively undesirable political people. He deported 249 Russian immigrants on the “Soviet Ark”, helped create the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and used federal agents to jail more than 5,000 citizens and search homes without respecting their constitutional rights. Justice Department to launch the Palmer Raids (1919–21). Attorney General Palmer, where the explosion killed the bomber, who evidence indicated was an Italian-American radical from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. One target was the Washington, D.C., house of U.S. On June 2, 1919, in eight cities, eight bombs simultaneously exploded. Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer, and immigration officials. Rockefeller, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, U.S. In April 1919, authorities discovered a plot for mailing 36 bombs to prominent members of the U.S. Ī “European Anarchist” attempts to destroy the Statue of Liberty in this 1919 political cartoon. ![]() Burleson, 74 separate newspapers were not being mailed. Due to the espionage act and the then Postmaster General Albert S. The Wilson administration used this act to make anything “urging treason” a “nonmailable matter”. In 1917 as a response to World War 1 Congress passed the espionage act of 1917 to prevent any information relating to national defense to be used to harm the United States or aid her enemies. Opponents, on the other hand, saw these as an extension of the radical, anarchist foundations of the IWW, which contends that all workers should be united as a social class and that capitalism and the wage system should be abolished. Those on the side of the IWW claim that the press “misrepresented legitimate labor strikes” as “crimes against society”, “conspiracies against the government”, and “plots to establish communism”. The press portrayed them as “radical threats to American society” inspired by “left-wing, foreign agents provocateurs“. After World War I ended the number of strikes increased to record levels in 1919 with more than 3,600 separate strikes that spanned from steel workers, to railroad shop workers, to the Boston police department. These wartime strikes covered a wide range of industries including steel working, shipbuilding, coal mining, copper mining, as well as other industries necessary to make wartime necessities. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), also known as the Wobblies, backed several labor strikes in 19. Newspapers exacerbated those political fears into anti-foreign sentiment because varieties of radical anarchism were becoming popular as possible solutions to poverty, often by recent European immigrants (cf. ![]() ![]() Levin wrote that the Red Scare was “a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent-a revolution that would change Church, home, marriage, civility, and the American way of Life”. Political scientist and former member of the Communist Party Murray B. The first Red Scare began following the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917, and the intensely patriotic years of World War I, as anarchist and left-wing social agitation aggravated national, social, and political tensions. Political cartoon from 1919 depicting the Russian revolution’s impact on the Paris peace talks / Wikimedia Commons
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